Genistein treatment reduced LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels. The study did not evaluate circulating or urinary levels of isoflavones to verify the ability to metabolise isoflavones. Although this was a randomised, placebo-controlled and double-blinded trial with a sample size appropriate to the power of detection, there was no evaluation of serum and urinary levels of isoflavones and/or metabolites. The researchers found that the isoflavones resulted in increased cell growth. The advantages of observational cohort studies include longer times and wider population samples. From the data obtained, diet isoflavones do not seem to have a direct effect on fertility, whether positive or negative. Soy isoflavones have repeatedly shown a mild estrogenic effect but at high concentrations they may have enough power to act on hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing the ovarian synthesis of estrogens. Eating Places. On the other hand, many perplexities have been raised about possible negative mechanisms leading to endocrine disruptor effects(Reference Bar-El and Reifen20). Nevertheless, these studies often suffer difficulties in evaluating individual effectiveness as well as in identifying possible confounding factors and population characteristics (ethnicity, health conditions, equol-competence, etc.). Soy consumption was not related to estradiol levels or endometrial thickness. The limitations of these studies have already been discussed in the previous paragraph. Despite adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, dietary factors, including ethnicity and other phytoestrogens, it would have been useful to check the dietary intake of isoflavones for equol-producers evaluation. Servier Medical Art. Among the six women in the first clinical trial(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26), the intervention with soy also led to a significant reduction in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels (23%, P=003), an intermediary in estradiol synthesis. The study must be considered exploratory, because of the limited number of luteal phase deficiency cycles and a small number of fertility-related outcomes. Corrections for confounding factors, such as diet, demographics, lifestyle factors, age, body composition and ethnicity, indicated reliable analysis. Phytoestrogens can modulate endogenous hormones at micromolar concentrations by influencing the expression of the enzymes cytochrome P450 19 aromatase (Cyp19), 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) and 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD), steroid sulfatases (STS) and sulfotransferases (SULTs), enzymes of steroid biosynthetic pathway(Reference Rice and Whitehead80Reference Whitehead and Rice82). It helps you to ovulate and they quality. In another study, women were more likely to get pregnant if they ate soy isoflavones alongside . Feature Flags: { Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. The obtained results were evaluated for duplicates and then screened for titles and abstracts information. Despite the sample size and full follow-up for endpoints evaluation, the study displays limitations. Individuals who are not equol-producers have likely limited response to isoflavone intake(Reference Iino, Shimoyama and Iino16). Soy contains numerous phytochemicals that can be responsible for these positive effects through multiple mechanisms. between 128 women fed with soy-based formula and 268 women fed with cow milk formula during infancy. The obtained meta-analysis was included in the final summary because it assessed aspects relating to the topic of this review. Adapted from Moher et al. However, urinary phytoestrogen levels were only detected at baseline and this increased the correlation uncertainty. The beneficial efficacy of soy is often attributed to the presence of isoflavones, capable of mitigating the excesses of endogenous estrogens, through the competition with estrogen receptors or by the activation of receptors, in the presence of low levels of endogenous estrogens. Results from a pilot study, Effect of soy phytoestrogen on metabolic and hormonal disturbance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Usual dietary isoflavone intake and reproductive function across the menstrual cycle, Soy isoflavone intake and the likelihood of ever becoming a mother: the adventist health study-2, Higher urinary lignan concentrations in women but not men are positively associated with shorter time to pregnancy, Soy food intake and treatment outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproductive technology, Dietary factors and luteal phase deficiency in healthy eumenorrheic women, Soy intake modifies the relation between urinary bisphenol A concentrations and pregnancy outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction, The effects of soy isoflavones on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Dietary phytoestrogen intakes of adult women are not strongly related to fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies, Urinary phytoestrogens and relationship to menstrual cycle length and variability among healthy, eumenorrheic women, Impact of short-term isoflavone intervention in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients on microbiota composition and metagenomics, Fecundity and natural fertility in humans, Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (, Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF: relationship to outcome, The influence of religious affiliation on participant responsiveness to the complete health improvement program (CHIP) lifestyle intervention, Health beliefs, behavior, spiritual growth, and salvation in a global population of seventh-day adventists, A brief historical overview of the past two decades of soy and isoflavone research, The utility of menstrual cycle length as an indicator of cumulative hormonal exposure, Menstrual cycle length in reproductive age women is an indicator of oocyte quality and a candidate marker of ovarian reserve, Prospective evaluation of luteal phase length and natural fertility, Menstrual cycle characteristics and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort, A prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy, Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on circulating hormone concentrations in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men, Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature, Dysbiosis of gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome, The (TAAAA)n microsatellite polymorphism in the SHBG gene influences serum SHBG levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction, Compared with feeding infants breast milk or cow-milk formula, soy formula feeding does not affect subsequent reproductive organ size at 5 years of age, Early-life soy exposure and age at menarche, Consumption of soy-based infant formula is not associated with early onset of puberty, Cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which environmental oestrogens influence reproductive function, Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds, Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta, Rapid endocrine disruption: Environmental estrogen actions triggered outside the nucleus, Equol-stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase and redox signaling in endothelial cells: roles for F-actin and GPR30, Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases, Estradiol or genistein prevent Alzheimer's disease-associated inflammation correlating with an increase PPAR gamma expression in cultured astrocytes, Bacterial metabolite S-equol modulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cell line GLUTag cells via actin polymerization. Regarding observational studies, in 2015 Andrews and colleagues conducted a prospective cohort study on 246 American women with normal menstrual cycle, aged 1844 and with 13% of participants of Asian ethnicity, for a follow-up of 12 whole menstrual cycles(Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende41). In another clinical trial already discussed, although no changes in cycle length were found following soy foods intervention in twenty women with a follow-up of at least seven menstrual cycles, a significant reduction in follicular phase by 93% (P<005) in estradiol concentrations was observed, but not in luteal phase(Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28). The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. Four clinical trials were found among search engines results: two longitudinal pilot studies(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34,Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46) and two interventional studies with a parallel design, both conducted in Iranian populations(Reference Khani, Mehrabian and Khalesi35,Reference Jamilian and Asemi43) . Soy food and soy isoflavone intake were unrelated to sperm motility, sperm morphology or ejaculate volume. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Among the limitations of this review of literature, we must include the possible avoidance of studies that considered fertility as a secondary outcome and which therefore may have escaped from the manuscript selection. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The chemical structure similarity between soy isoflavones and endogenous estrogens has always stimulated the attention for this class of compounds. This phenomenon highlights how in literature there is greater attention to phytoestrogens and their effect, frequently underestimating the role of other components that have a marginal interest. (Reference Nagata, Kabuto and Kurisu27) and a longitudinal study published in 2013 by Filiberto et al. The only study found about the effect of exposure to soy in childhood and reproductive functions is the retrospective study by Strom and colleagues(Reference Strom, Schinnar and Ziegler30). Moreover, two recent observational cohort studies by Chavarro and colleagues evaluated the association between soy consumption and in vitro fertilisation outcomes(Reference Vanegas, Afeiche and Gaskins40,Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu42) . Despite the 6-month duration of the clinical trial, the lack of a placebo group, the absence of characterisation of equol-competence among individuals and the limited number of participants reduced the strength of the results obtained. From the sub-analysis by ethnic stratification, follicular SHBG levels were higher in non-Asians. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: in vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives, Estrogen signaling: a subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta, Effect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women, Daidzein intake is associated with equol producing status through an increase in the intestinal bacteria responsible for equol production, The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones, Soy isoflavones accelerate glial cell migration via GPER-mediated signal transduction pathway, Antioxidant mechanisms of isoflavones in lipid systems: paradoxical effects of peroxyl radical scavenging. Furthermore, phytoestrogens appear to act on SHBG synthesis by altering mRNA levels in hepatocarinoma human cells treated with genistein 20M(Reference Mousavi and Adlercreutz85), and modulating the balance between bound and free steroids or competing with endogenous sex hormones for the active site binding of the carrier(Reference Dchaud, Ravard and Claustrat86). Romualdi and colleagues in 2008 enrolled twelve Italian women with metabolic syndrome and PCOS and with a follow-up of 6 months using 36mg/d of oral genistein as an intervention(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34). Similar to the previous trial, the number of participants was limited. Participants were divided into four categories: non-consumers and tertiles of soy intake. 1. The generalisation of these results is complex due to the type of study, which does not allow to define a causal relationship. Furthermore, the evaluation of dietary pattern before infertility treatments does not exclude the possibility that soy consumption may have been influenced by the search for a healthy pattern to achieve pregnancy. However, among fertile individuals, it may have a neutral effect, as discussed in the previous paragraphs. Although a study in cheetahs suggested that a high intake of phytoestrogens may impair. 4 Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. RANCHO CUCAMONGA. Eating a few servings of soy each week could improve fertility and metabolic aspects of PCOS. Furthermore, from the multiple regression analysis of ten women in the second trial(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29), the reduction of estradiol in both luteal and follicular phases was positively associated with serum and urinary isoflavone levels but not with individual changes in the intake. This allowed to exclude the already summarised articles in meta-analysis from a detailed discussion. Based on this cross-sectional study, high consumption of soy isoflavones was identified (94% of participants). Flowchart for studies selection. Keywords were searched in titles and abstracts and combined with MeSH terms, where available, adapting the query format based on the search engine used. Furthermore, the individuals recruited were seeking for a pregnancy and this could have changed their behaviour. Huntriss, Rosemary conducted another prospective cohort study on 239 American women undergoing assisted reproductive technology(Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu42). Regarding the observational studies available, in 2015 Venegas et al. There are clues about the association between soy intake and the increase in SHBG levels. Furthermore, there was no characterisation of dietary regimen, although it was a standard hospital diet. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Notably, these latter compounds are present in several foods such as legumes, cereals and seeds, whereas soy is almost the only source of isoflavones in human diet. Overall, a trend toward improvement can be appreciated but further studies are necessary to confirm the beneficial effect. There was no dose-response relation in either cohort. No investigation into the individual's ability to absorb and use isoflavones from soy milk was performed. Only 6% of participants had not soy isoflavone intake. Black soy, in addition to the content of isoflavones, is known to be rich in antioxidant substances, especially in external seed integuments, which are rich in anthocyanins(Reference Choung, Baek and Kang49). However, the terms are often interchangeably, being closely associated with the possibility of giving birth to children. With regards to available clinical trials, Lu and colleagues conducted two interventional studies using 36 Oz of soy milk (about one litre) divided into three daily intakes for a total daily intake of about 200mg of isoflavones(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26,Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29) . Isoflavones concentrations did not show significant differences between participants at baseline. Even if serum AMH concentrations appear as a useful tool for predicting female fertility, only one study from our selection used them(Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46). 1. In addition to the interventional study by Kohama and colleagues, we found three longitudinal cohort observational studies(Reference Jarrell, Foster and Kinniburgh36,Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman39,Reference Wesselink, Hatch and Mikkelsen44) and a cross-sectional study(Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen38) that investigated the association between soy and fertility. Get Twins Club Restaurant, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA setlists - view them, share them, discuss them with other Twins Club Restaurant, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA fans for free on setlist.fm! The authors found an association between pregnancy outcomes and urinary Bisphenol A (BPA), dependent on soy consumption in the multivariable-adjusted mixed model. Likewise, equol-producers showed lower AMH levels in the whole cohort as well as in participants in PCOS or control groups. Additional considerations regarding hormonal influences will be discussed in the next paragraph. In response, your body starts a cascade of events to boost estrogen production. After adjustments, an inverse correlation between estradiol and soy intake was highlighted on the 22nd day of menstrual cycle (r: 032, P=004) but not on the 11th. From the general linear model of the analysis of covariance, the intervention with soy reduced free androgen index (0020005 v. +0010005, P<0001), total testosterone (01005 v. +01005ng/ml, P=0008) and increased SHBG levels (+4008 v. 1408nmol/l, P<0001) compared with placebo (adjusted for baseline values). A. F. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. View all Google Scholar citations A total of 834 entries were obtained following search engine queries (PubMed: 381; ScienceDirect: 392; Cochrane Library Trials: 30 and ClinicalTrials.gov: 31). The concomitant treatment with soybean phytoestrogens significantly increased the implantation rate (254% v. 202%; P<005), the pregnancy rate (393% v. 209%; P<005) and the pregnancy-to-delivery rate (303% v. 162%; P<005) compared with placebo. Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121Messina, Italy, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166Rome, Italy, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166Rome, Italy, Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Reference Mosallanezhad, Mahmoodi and Ranjbar, Reference Setchell, Brown and Lydeking-Olsen, Reference Hamilton-Reeves, Vazquez and Duval, Reference Reed, Camargo and Hamilton-Reeves, Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner, Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman, Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen, Reference Crawford, Pritchard and Herring, Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende, Reference Sdergrd, Bckstrm and Shanbhag, Reference Escobar-Morreale, Luque-Ramrez and Gonzlez, Reference Showell, Mackenzie-Proctor and Jordan, Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna, Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu, Reference Sinai, Ben-Avraham and Guelmann-Mizrahi, Reference Ropero, Alonso-Magdalena and Ripoll, Reference Valles, Dolz-Gaiton and Gambini, Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner, Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets, Consumption of soy foods and isoflavones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of three US cohorts, Cumulative meta-analysis of the soy effect over time, Soy, soy isoflavones, and protein intake in relation to mortality from all causes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Consensus: soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints, Soy isoflavones for osteoporosis: an evidence-based approach, Soy and isoflavone consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials in humans, Soy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, The antioxidant role of soy and soy foods in human health, Non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy and their health effects. 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