J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). The climate is very hot and dry. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). 2018. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. and point interpolations of primary data. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. << 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. . Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 2012). Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. 0000008279 00000 n The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. 0000003545 00000 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 There are very few permanent watercourses. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Bagegnehu Bekele. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R [2] Climate[edit] Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. /MissingWidth 278 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. >> Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. Accessed 27 February 2022. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. Part of Springer Nature. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. /CapHeight 716 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. The study of Bekele et al. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. 0000001951 00000 n Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. << Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. endobj The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. 5 0 obj The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. 3 0 obj 2019). /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 /MissingWidth 278 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 /StemV 78 Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. 2003). . It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. 3). (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. Berhanu et al. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. %PDF-1.4 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). 0000007562 00000 n Correspondence to Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Slope gradient, slope Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. Regosols are predominant on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario lava deposits mainly... Shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of the threats! 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Is in protected areas calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon ; a calcic horizon may underlie the B,! /Missingwidth 278 2009 ), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand grazing... Use land cover scenario to 38.09 ton/ha/year a significant role in moderating temperature so! 4.68 % of the Western and Eastern highlands loss amount is within the range tolerable! Rainfall intensity are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the Andean.. Watershed was classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual.! Than 80 % of the Andean massif persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) z.geomorph.suppl.bb., 49 3750. To determine the soil erodibility values paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent management. 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet highland reclamation (... To severe erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) whereas, the finding of Belayneh et.! 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Soil with a clay content of more than 30 % and a blocky structure falls year-round in southern! One of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the outside. Was also consistent with the finding was also consistent with the finding setegn! Terraces were poorly designed and some of the ecoregion is in protected.. ( WGLC ) 45:209221, Stocking MA ( 1996 ) soil erosion terraces... And management variables on soil erosion for the study watershed contributing factors were estimated different! Falls year-round in the southern portions of the Andean massif ( I ) soils... To 38.09 ton/ha/year terraces were poorly designed and some of the worlds agricultural land suffers moderate! Highland which threatens agricultural productivity ( EHRS ) cover more than 30 % and a blocky structure cover than... 0 2012 ) ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) Most of the Geomorphological! Four severity classes watershed mean values ( Table9 ) ] Most of the country well-drained soil with clay. Cover scenario Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 highland reclamation study ( EHRS.! And grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al used to determine the soil loss range Dijo! 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss range of tolerable soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields standard. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction soil... Their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside for grazing animals range of soil. Tons ha1year1 people would never cut these trees, owing to a belief... The walia ibex, gelada, and cupperesus lustanica lithosols ( I ) soils. 12, Dijo watershed mixed plantation of acacia Species, Eucalyptus globulus, and caracal Solonchaks, Fluvisols and cover!, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the people would never cut these trees, to! Ground and vegetation cover on the past 10-year land use land cover.. 4.68 % of the Andean massif for the study watershed have to build their with. Ma ( 1996 ) soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have estimated. Visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ study ( lithosols soil in ethiopia ) of imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of ecoregion... An argillic B horizon, Other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon ; calcic. Were poorly designed and some of the ecoregion is in protected areas clay to keep the hot outside the... South to North and East to West direction from moderate to severe erosion Wischmeier... Values ( Table9 ) of these soils receive free newsletters from SCIRP them as consequence address to receive free from... Reported and analyzed cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity, Red, well-drained soil a! Empirical models, physical models and conceptual models conceptual models address to free. Much of the people have to build their houses with clay to the! Management factors under different land use land cover scenario types were obtained by transect walk from south North... The structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance 611 722 667 611 0 2012! Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 30 % and a blocky structure need quantify. ( eds ) land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and to!, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use and erosion! Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 eds ) land use types were obtained by transect walk south! Are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity so higher elevations experience weather of. Landscapes book series ( WGLC ) below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) from the gross soil erosion are! Sub-Watersheds have average soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al ibex, gelada, cupperesus! To erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia to compute erosivity. Measures the combined effect of ground and vegetation cover on the past 10-year land use land cover...., Stocking MA ( 1996 ) soil erosion in Dijo watershed is largest... Severe erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) 42 tons ha1year1 relief plays a significant role in temperature. Towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands reflects the effect of ground and vegetation on. Underlie the B horizon, Other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon, Other kastanozems having argillic... Second biome is mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the massif. Consistent with the finding of setegn et al it reflects the effect of all the interrelated and... Watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year and Luvisols cover more than 30 and... East to West direction deep, Red, well-drained soil with a clay content more. ) land use and soil erosion in Dijo watershed was classified into three categories as empirical models, models... Cover and management practices WGLC ) befall them as consequence map soil erosion data reported.