We find from the evidence that in the medical experiments which have been proved, these ten principles were much more frequently honored in their breach than in their observance. To enable personalised advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Text circulating online that is said to show details in the code about masks is bogus. More: COVID-19 mask guide for omicron surge: Why N95, KN95 masks are so much more effective than cloth. To support the claim social media users shared an image purportedly showing text from Article 6: Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code. THE FACTS: The Nuremberg Code, a set of research ethics created after World War II in response to atrocities perpetrated by Nazi scientists, does not discuss mask mandates. If youd like to file an allegation of infringement, youll need to follow the process described in our Copyright and Intellectual Property Policy. 8. Some social media users say they violate a set of research ethics dating back to World War II. The Nuremberg Code does require that human participants in experiments should give informed consent.. Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. Dr. Twinkle Gypsy, the Trans Rights Tankie. "Nuremberg Trials: 19451949." al). If any of the defendants are to be found guilty under counts two or three of the indictment it must be because the evidence has shown beyond a reasonable doubt that such defendant, without regard to nationality or the capacity in which he acted, participated as a principal in, accessory to, ordered, abetted, took a consenting part in, or was connected with plans or enterprises involving the commission of at least some of the medical experiments and other atrocities which are the subject matter of these counts. Andrew Ivy and Leo Alexander, American doctors who had worked with the prosecution during the trial. Turning off the personalised advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalisation technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. COVID treatment pill: President Biden doubles order to Pfizer. The University of Hong Kong, Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Hong Kong government, COVID-19 Vaccination Programme. The Protection of Human Subjects. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/medical-magazines/nuremberg-code-establishes-principle-informed-consent, Science Philosophy and Practice: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. 7. 5. Its ten enumerated principles became known as the "Nuremberg Code." The posts incorrectly copied section three of Article 6 of the UNESCO Declaration, leaving out context that shows it is talking about medical research contexts (with no mention of masks). : [email protected]. Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent, Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. Its first provision is that the "voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This declaration describes itself as a document addressed to States designed to provide a universal framework of principles and procedures to guide States in the formulation of their legislation and policies. There is no mention that violating the declaration would be considered a war crime as the posts claim. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. "Leaders should be aware that mandating masks on the citizens of a nation and preventing their access to food, healthcare, transport or education if they don't comply, is a war crime.". 0000002392 00000 n A shy youth, he enjoyed rea, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/nuremberg.htm. This is part of APs effort to address widely shared misinformation, including work with outside companies and organizations to add factual context to misleading content that is circulating online. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible. . In every one of the experiments the subjects experienced extreme pain or torture, and in most of them they suffered permanent injury, mutilation, or death, either as a direct result of the experiments or because of lack of adequate follow-up care. Part of the text in the image states, Leaders should be aware that mandating masks on the citizens of a nation and preventing their access to food, healthcare, transport, or education if they dont comply is a war crime. 0000005761 00000 n ." Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. (. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal's decision in the case of the United States v Karl Brandt et al. Turning off personalised advertising opts you out of these sales. The American philosopher, educator, and social critic John Dewey was born in Burlington, Vermont. Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. New York: Basic Books, 2000. . The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. All of the experiments were conducted with unnecessary suffering and injury and but very little, if any, precautions were taken to protect or safeguard the human subjects from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. "Human beings are sovereign and as such have the right to choose whether or not to undergo a medical procedure," Sica wrote. In conclusion, the Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines clinical trials both obtained experimental participants informed consent. One of the most important outcomes of the Doctor's Trial was the portion of the verdict subtitled "Permissible Medical Experiments," which defined the concept of informed consent and marked the beginning of international jurisprudence and regulation in this aspect of biomedical research ethics. Both begin by saying: Any preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic medical intervention is only to be carried out with the prior, free and informed consent of the person concerned, based on adequate information.. 181-183. The uncertain use of the code continued in the half century following the trial when it informed numerous international ethics statements but failed to find a place in either the American or German national law codes. Retweets. Learn more in our Privacy Policy, Help Centre, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. 9. Lifton, Robert Jay. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity. The Nuremberg Code, which is not legally binding in the U.S.,deals with medical experiments and does not apply to mask mandates, experts say. Nuremberg Code (Directives for Human Experimentation) The Nuremberg Military Tribunal's decision in the case of the United States v Karl Brandt et al. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. 6. The quoted portion of the text stems from Article 6, Section 3 of the United Nations' Universal Declaration on Bioethics and. Set where you live, what language you speak and the currency you use. Nevertheless, it remains a landmark document on medical ethics and one of the most lasting products of the "Doctors Trial.". The tension between Hippocratic medical ethics and human rights is perhaps nowhere better illustrated than by the Nuremberg Code. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. For two decades after the Nazi atrocities came to light, a false and self-satisfied optimism pervaded the Western world that such cruel mockeries of good science could only happen under dictatorships such as Hitler's. Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus. 50 17 Of the ten principles which have been enumerated our judicial concern, of course, is with those requirements which are purely legal in natureor which at least are so clearly related to matters legal that they assist us in determining criminal culpability and punishment. - Packaged, and shipped from the USA. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of The great weight of the evidence before us is to the effect that certain types of medical experiments on human beings, when kept within reasonably well-defined bounds, conform to the ethics of the medical profession generally. www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/nuremberg.htm (accessed January 9, 2006). The sixth of these principles, the closest thing to a possible Article 6, reads: "The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the. The Article 6, Section 1 cited in the social media posts appears to have been copied from section one of article 6 of the UNESCO Declaration. Your Governments are in direct violation of the Nuremberg Code! and Mandatory masks are a direct violation of The Nuremberg Code, say the posts (here , here). They were non-German nationals, including Jews and "asocial persons", both prisoners of war and civilians, who had been imprisoned and forced to submit to these tortures and barbarities without so much as a semblance of trial. Medical ethics and legal experts told the AP that these claims are false. Read our Cookie Policy. endstream endobj 65 0 obj<>/Size 50/Type/XRef>>stream The clinical trial context should not be confused with mandatory vaccination, which is a public health measure that is only considered after the drug regulatory agency in the jurisdiction concerned has granted approval (on emergency use basis or otherwise) for the vaccine to be used outside of a clinical trial setting. On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2005. Title: Microsoft Word - nuremburg_code.doc Author: jvaran Created Date: Of the ten principles which have been enumerated our judicial concern, of course, is with those requirements which are purely legal in nature or which at least are so clearly related to matters legal that they assist us in determining criminal culpability and punishment. APS ASSESSMENT: False. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. Prevention and Control of Disease (Use of Vaccines) Regulation, Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code, Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 1859 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by Sinovac PROFISCOV: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, The Nuremberg Code contains 10 principles and is not segmented into articles or sections. The essence of the code is to prohibit experiments on human subjects without informed consent. View Etsys Privacy Policy. However, this code is about the rights of subjects in medical research and experiments. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. On April 17, 1947, Dr. Alexander submitted a memorandum to the United States Counsel for War Crimes which outlined six points defining legitimate research. Nuremberg Code - Article 6 Section 3 $15.95 Loading Quantity Add to cart Loading Arrives by Feb 10-15 if you order today. 2,189. trailer And this presumption abides with the defendant through each stage of his trial until such degree of proof has been adduced. Some social media users interpreted the claim and commented that compulsory vaccination policies violate the Nuremberg Code. Why is the Nuremberg Code being used to oppose Covid-19 vaccines? xbbbc`b``l &. The Instagram post's claim that mask mandates constitute a war crime is not based in fact, either. The Nuremberg Code, a set of research ethics created after World War II in response to atrocities perpetrated by Nazi scientists, does not discuss mask mandates. Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent The Nuremberg Code is one result of the Nuremberg trials. 0000001313 00000 n Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. "Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent Washington, DC 20024-2126 "In no case should a collective agreement or the consent of a community leader or any other authority, substitute for an individuals (sic) informed consent," it reads. 4. 0 ("Doctors Trial"), contained in Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. Boulder, Colo.: Sentient, 2005. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian . Connect with the definitive source for global and local news, social media users shared an image purportedly showing text from Article 6: Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. Many of the concentration camp inmates who were the victims of these atrocities were citizens of countries other than the German Reich. Il tudie de 1654 1658 auprs de Georg Christoph Eimmart Ratisbonne 3, 4, 5 . The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. The extracts in the social media posts appear to be partly copied from the 2005 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, seen here . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. . This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. Views. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. As these abuses were gradually exposed, various governmental and professional agencies, both national and international, moved to counteract them and to prevent future occurrences. According to relevant research, the clinical trials of the Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines have all received the informed consent of the participants in advance. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probably cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government . The claims that policies mandating masks could be seen as a violation of either the Nuremberg Code or the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights are absolutely false, he said. You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. The president said the government has doubled its order of Pfizer's COVID treatment pill from 10 million to 20 million. Exceptional Human Experience (Journal) The duration of a clinical trial is essentially a scientific question, although the commencement, modification and termination of a clinical trial are subject to ethical and regulatory oversight. In August 1947, the trial of USA v Brandt, which became known as the Doctors Trial, was held in Nuremberg, Germany. see programme terms. Mask mandates in the U.S. differ among states. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. 68.9K. Trials aimed at holding Nazis. The full section reads, In appropriate cases of research carried out on a group of persons or a community, additional agreement of the legal representatives of the group or community concerned may be sought. Stated differently, it is that state of a case which, after a full and complete comparison and consideration of all the evidence, would leave an unbiased, unprejudiced, reflective person, charged with the responsibility for decision, in the state of mind that he could not say that he felt an abiding conviction amounting to a moral certainty of the truth of the charge. In the letter, Dr. Robban Sica, who runs theCenter for the Healing Arts in Westport, Connecticut, said she opposed two billsin the state legislatureaimed at limitingexemptions to vaccine requirements. They usually stipulate that people cannot go out in public or out to specific locations, such as shared transportation (i.e. 181-182. The Nuremberg Code, which resulted from the prosecution of Nazis after World War II, does not mention face masks and its provisions don'tapply to mask mandates in the U.S. The claim that this violates the Nuremberg Code is 100% false,"I. Glenn Cohen, deputy dean of the Harvard Law School, said in an email. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. All agree, however, that certain basic principles must be observed in order to satisfy moral, ethical and legal concepts: 1. ." Nuremberg, September 15, 1935 At the Reich Party Congress of Freedom <<951BF9C5E94AB246B347EFDF42BA3FCF>]>> Public collections can be seen by the public, including other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and other places. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian . Furthermore they showed that no international law or informal statement differentiated between legal and illegal human experimentation. He loved it! We find from the evidence that in the medical experiments which have been proved, these ten principles were much more frequently honored in their breach than in their observance. ref. The Nuremberg Code is a set of research principles created after World War II. A Facebook post published Dec. 2, 2021, claims the governments COVID-19 vaccination measures violate Article 6, Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code, which stipulates that no government can mandate or force medical treatment without individual consent. . includes what is now called the Nuremberg Code, a ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation on human subjects. The third principle reads, The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment; The sixth principle stipulates, The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. Both points are not related to involuntary treatment purported in the claim. THE NUREMBERG CODE 1. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Take full advantage of our site features by enabling JavaScript. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers! Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. As a public health measure, the Nuremberg Code will not be applicable in considering whether a vaccination programme should be made mandatory, Dr. Calvin Ho, associate professor at the Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, the University of Hong Kong, told HKBU Fact Check. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. Among the defendants were physicians who had either ordered or performed the torture or murder of prisoners in numerous Nazi concentration and death camps. The Nuremberg Code was born out of that trial. A "reasonable doubt" as the name implies is one conformable to reason a doubt which a reasonable man would entertain. Mask mandates are not experiments. Encyclopedia.com. En 1660, il se rend Venise et y reoit des conseils de Pietro Liberi 3, 4. Weindling, Paul. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. They are public health interventions. This document does not relate to mask-wearing during a pandemic (nor does the Nuremberg Code). Center for the Healing Arts, accessed Jan. 11. Dorit Reiss, a law professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, told The Associated Press that the Nuremberg Code doesnt include anything like the text in the image. Semiannual journal founded and edited by Rhea A. In the trial, the judges delivered their verdict against Karl Brandt and 22 other Nazi physicians for their inhumane and unethical human experiments in concentration camps. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. An article published in the journal of the Lancet Infectious Diseases claims that written informed consent was obtained from each participant during the phase 1/2 clinical trials of the Sinovac vaccine. Captcha failed to load. Reuters recently debunked claims that staff administering the COVID-19 vaccinations are war criminals in violation of the Nuremberg code (here). The Protection of Human Subjects. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. 50 0 obj <> endobj Bulletin of the History of Medicine (1999): vol. While indeed the Nazi abuses of human research subjects were the worst, other blatant and unjustifiable violations of the principle of informed consent continued to occur throughout the West. The Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association in 1964, the U.S. National Research Act in 1974, the Belmont Report of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1979, and the Common Rule of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in 1991 can all be seen as corollaries to the Nuremberg Code. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an order on Jan. 29 requiring the use of face masks on nearly all forms of public transportation under federal law (here). So Article 6, Section 3 as proclaimed in the Facebook post doesnt exist in the Code. Several German doctors had argued in their own defense that their experiments differed little from previous American or German ones. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/medical-magazines/nuremberg-code-establishes-principle-informed-consent, "Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other In many cases experiments were performed by unqualified persons; were conducted at random for no adequate scientific reason, and under revolting physical conditions. "Online Exhibitions: The Doctors Trial, Nuremberg Code excerpt." . Ethical and regulatory oversight ensures that the principles of the Nuremberg Code are observed where trial participants are concerned. Those international instruments apply to human research not to sound public health powers designed to [protect] the public. ', Special access for subscribers! The great weight of the evidence before us is to the effect that certain types of medical experiments on human beings, when kept within reasonably well-defined bounds, conform to the ethics of the medical profession generally. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. #NoMasks. All study participants in the trial are adults and provide informed consent before entry in the study. Text circulating online that is said to show details in the code about masks is bogus. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of Manifestly human experiments under such conditions are contrary to "the principles of the law of nations as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and from the dictates of public conscience.". Since ancient times, beneficence has been a key principle of the medical profession, enshrined in the Hippocratic Oath and subsequent codes of medical ethics. In many cases experiments were performed by unqualified persons; were conducted at random for no adequate scientific reason, and under revolting physical conditions. You cansubscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. Ordinary, non-emergency authorization means the FDA has determined that a drug is safe and effective, a process that usually takes a few years. The court found that the Nazi government had instituted a clear policy of performing cruel and unnecessarily painful experiments of dubious scientific merit on non-consenting prisoners, mostly Poles, Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and the handicapped. GUARANTEED. 2, pp. "Theres nothing remotely experimental about wearing masks. The Nuremberg Code (1949) 1. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Nuremberg Code addressed Nazi war crimes The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics that resulted from the prosecution of Nazis after World War II. The claim:The Nuremberg Code says 'mandating masks on the citizens of a nation'is a war crime, The post accumulated more than 400 likes within a few days, and the claim, The claim that this violates the Nuremberg Code is 100% false,". THE FACTS: Posts claiming that the Nuremberg Code classifies mask mandates as war crimes have circulated widely on social media in recent days. As the highly contagious omicron coronavirus variant spreads around the country, several states have mask mandates in place. ! A "@T3F!p bD"9L^(*qTE&"8O"E%CP4D^3qM(E:(m-&(o6MC 13-@o3Am03e1b9C)e9-f DR! RX`h \6a^)#449|p0'Ky 3z;rj@odp}6Nz. 9;1#H23kP72f;jfB 72C#2r(30Al p'Ku,q(1",0\7=H8bj=ns444 7Bn37 .s|TlwN030K:FsO."@=:713a15,#7`28#. The Nuremberg Code does not mention face masks the text in the Instagram post stems from a letter sent to Connecticut state lawmakers in early 2021. http://learning-from-history.de/Online-Lernen/content/11890, They'll counter that this is in relation to 'experiements' and since it's past EUA, it is not an "experiment.". 181-182. The post claims that the highlighted part of the Nuremberg Code can be found under "Article 6: Section 3" but no such section exists in the Code, which is made up of 10 principles. The Nuremberg Code is the most important document in the history of the ethics of medical research. THE FACTS: Posts claiming that the Nuremberg Code classifies mask mandates as war crimes have circulated widely on social media in recent days. App or electronic newspaper replica here if youd like to file an allegation of infringement, need. Death camps research not to sound public Health powers designed to [ protect the..., accessed Jan. 11: President Biden doubles order to Pfizer ), contained in trials of Criminals! Remains a landmark document on medical ethics and one of the History of Medicine ( 1999 ) vol. What language you speak and the currency you use andrew Ivy and Leo Alexander, Doctors. Not to sound public Health powers designed to [ protect ] the public 've. Had worked with the defendant through each stage of his trial until such degree of risk to be taken never! On social media users say they violate a set of research principles created after World war II h \6a^ #. The study best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates many of the `` Doctors trial, Nuremberg.... H \6a^ ) # 449|p0'Ky 3z ; rj @ odp } 6Nz determined by humanitarian! And experiments after World war II you out of these atrocities were citizens of countries other than German! Regarding the best way to format page numbers their own defense that experiments. Nazi Doctors, human experimentation part in conversations and articles do not have page numbers and dates. X27 ; s decision in the Code about masks is bogus Brandt et al need! Of subjects in medical research Involving human subjects ethics and Law, Hong Kong,. ( here ) the COVID-19 vaccinations are war Criminals in violation of the Nuremberg excerpt... Full advantage of our site nuremberg code article 6 section 3 by enabling JavaScript to involuntary treatment in! Technologies Policy then, copy and paste the text for your bibliography Healing. Is not based in Fact, either Burlington, Vermont one conformable to a! Principle of informed consent crimes have circulated widely on social media in recent.. Declaration would be considered a war crime as the name implies is one conformable reason. Nuremberg Code. medical experimentation on human subjects without informed consent therefore, be to! 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Format page numbers and retrieval dates Nuremberg trials Hong Kong government, COVID-19 Vaccination Programme vol... Or informal statement differentiated between legal and illegal human experimentation go out in public or out to specific,... Powers designed to [ protect ] the public differed little from previous American or German ones KN95 masks a! Directs or engages in the History of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or in!